"Canis Lupus Familiaris" Is The Scientific Name For Which Common Animal?

Geographic Range

Domestic dogs are now found worldwide. Their wild ancestors, gray wolves occurred in northern hemisphere continental areas, including North America and the Palearctic.

• nearctic
  • introduced
  • native
• palearctic
  • introduced
  • native
• oriental
  • introduced
• ethiopian
  • introduced
• neotropical
  • introduced
• australian
  • introduced
• oceanic islands
  • introduced

• cosmopolitan

Habitat

Domestic dogs are found in association with humans worldwide and in a wide variety of habitats.

• temperate
• tropical
• polar
• terrestrial

• tundra
• taiga
• desert or dune
• savanna or grassland
• chaparral
• wood
• rainforest
• scrub forest

• urban
• suburban
• agricultural

Physical Description

Domestic dogs come up in a bewildering diverseness of shapes and sizes. They accept been selectively bred for millenia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes, including dogs bred for herding livestock (collies, sheperds, etc.), dissimilar kinds of hunting (pointers, hounds, etc.), catching rats (modest terriers), guarding (mastiffs, chows), helping fishermen with nets (Newfoundlands, poodles), pulling loads (huskies, St. Bernard's), guarding carriages and horsemen (dalmatians), and as companion dogs. Some kinds were even bred only as lap warmers (Pekingese). Their basic morphology though, no thing how modified, is that of their wild ancestors, gray wolves.

• endothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry
• polymorphic

• male larger

• Range mass

  <ane to 70 kg

  to 154.xix lb

Reproduction

Reproduction in domestic dogs is generally manipulated past humans. Feral males tend to compete amongst themselves for access to receptive females. Some feral domestic dog populations have reverted to ancestral habits where a unmarried male and female person pair (the alpha animals) dominate mating in a small, family grouping, or pack. Other pack members help to intendance for the offspring of the dominant pair.

• monogamous
• polygynandrous (promiscuous)
• cooperative breeder

Domestic dogs have a gestation period of 9 weeks, later on which anywhere from one to dozens of puppies can be born, depending on the brood and nutritional status of the female parent. Average litter sizes are from 3 to ix puppies. Male and female person dogs ordinarily accomplish puberty between 6 and 12 months of age; however, the time that a dog really breeds depends on many social factors, ranging from size of breed (larger dogs need more time before they are ready to breed) and level of confidence a dog must accomplish before beingness ready to breed.

Well-nigh breeds are seasonally monocyclic, showing signs of heat every 6 months or then. The reproductive cycle has four stages: anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus. The anestrus menstruation lasts about 2 to 4 months. Proestrus is the time when a encarmine belch beginning appears in a female. This is the beginning of "rut," a catamenia that ordinarily last 9 days but that tin can last up to 28 days. The cease of this menses is marked past the female'south credence of a male partner. Estrus is the period when the female person is sexually receptive and breeding can occur. Ovulation occurs about 24 hours after the acceptance of the male. Ova survive and are capable of existence fertilized for about iv days after ovulation; therefore information technology is possible for a female to mate with more that one male person. Diestrus follows estrus in the nonpregnant cycle, characterized past a state of "pseudopregnancy", which is followed by a return of the uterus and ovaries to the anestrus, resting state.

• iteroparous
• year-round breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual
• viviparous

• Convenance interval

  Domestic dogs tin reproduce at approximately six month intervals, though usually less frequently.

• Convenance season

  Breeding can occur throughout the year.

• Range number of offspring

  ane (low)

• Average number of offspring

  three-ix

• Average gestation period

  63 days

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

  6 to 12 months

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

  half dozen to 12 months

Females nurse and care for their puppies until they are weaned at about viii to 10 weeks of historic period. In feral domestic canis familiaris packs, puppies are cared for past all members of the pack.

• altricial
• male parental care
• female person parental care

Lifespan/Longevity

Longevity in domestic dogs depends on the care they receive, their breed, and body size. In full general, larger breeds take shorter lifespans. Well-cared for animals tin can live for 12 years or more.

• Average lifespan
  Status: wild

  29.v years

  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research

• Average lifespan
  Status: captivity

  20.0 years

  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Inquiry

Beliefs

Domestic dogs are similar to their ancestors, wolves, in that they are both pack animals with a complex prepare of behaviors related to determining the dogs position in the social hierarchy and their mood. At that place is merely one leader in a pack, and often at that place is a struggle between members of the pack to determine who the leader is. The struggle ends with 1 animal on top of the other, with the submissive brute lying on its back. The dominant brute places its paw on the chest of the submissive one, and until the submissive animal looks abroad from the optics of the dominant animal, the struggle continues. As soon as the submissive brute averts his eyes, he has admitted defeat and the leader of the pack has been adamant. Dogs exhibit feature postures that reveal their states of mind. The neutral position is when a dog is calmly observing things in the surround. The oral fissure of a dog in this position may be open or closed. In the alert position, the dog's mouth may exist open or closed, depending on the excitement level and ecology temperature. The hairs along the back and shoulders may raise without any intent of the dog to assault. The dog has merely focused his attention on some object and is curious about it. Offensive threat posture: hair raised, teeth showing, olfactory organ wrinkled, and growling may exist heard. The tail is upright, although it may be wagging. A domestic dog in this opinion is ready to attack. Defensive threat: although the canis familiaris may be growling and snarling, the ears are laid back, which is a sign of submission in normal dogs, and the tail is hanging downwards. Greetings: relaxed face, mouth slightly open, loosely pulled dorsum ears, tail wagging. This is the posture dogs assume when playing with family members or other dogs. Play invitation: lowered front function of torso while keeping the rear end upwards. A dog may bark in this invitation to play, only it does non growl excessivly. Submission: body low to the ground, equally compact as possible. Ears are drawn back, tail is tucked tightly under body. Submissive dogs pull the corners of their mouths back merely practice not show their teeth (submissive grin). Some submissive dogs assume the most vulnerable position known to dogs, lying on the backs, exposing their undersides. This position admits ultimate defeat in the struggle of authorisation betwixt dogs.

Domestic dogs tin can be active at whatever time of the day or night. Feral domestic dogs maintain home ranges that they defend confronting others and may move around throughout the year.

• cursorial
• terricolous
• diurnal
• nocturnal
• crepuscular
• motile
• nomadic
• territorial
• social
• dominance hierarchies

Communication and Perception

Domestic dogs use a complex fix of communication modes to navigate their social surroundings. Chemical cues, such as pheromones, communicate data on reproductive status, social status, and mood. Torso language is heavily used and diverse vocalizations are used also. Social bonding and communication also occurs through touch.

• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemical

• pheromones

• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemic

Food Habits

Puppies have unlike feeding habits than older dogs. A puppy needs twice as much poly peptide and 50% more calories per pound of body weight daily in order to come across its growth requirements. A rapid change in a puppy'south nutrition may crusade gastrointestinal upsets. Puppies must feed 4 times daily until the historic period of 3 months, three times daily until 6 months and twice daily for the rest of its life. Older dogs' feeding habits are different in a couple of ways. The average size canis familiaris requires nearly 30 calories per pound of body weight per day. Interestingly, larger breeds need but xx calories per pound of weight, while smaller breeds need almost xl calories per pound of torso weight. A domestic dog's diet should consist of balanced porportions of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and, of course, water. A dog tin go days without food and lose 30% to 40% of it'southward body weight without dying, but a x% to 15% water loss could exist fatal. All-meat diets are not recommended for dogs due to the lack of calcium and iron found in meat. Diet supplements should be avoided. Human foods that tin be fatal to dogs include moldy cheese, onions, and chocolate. Feral domestic dogs will eat a variety of foods including animals and fruits.

• omnivore

• birds
• mammals
• amphibians
• reptiles
• fish
• eggs
• carrion
• insects
• terrestrial non-insect arthropods

• seeds, grains, and nuts
• fruit

Predation

Because of their clan with humans, domestic dogs are not preyed upon past wild predators. Still, feral domestic dogs may be preyed upon by any large predator. Frequently they are killed by other canids, such as wolves and jackals.

• Known Predators

  • wolves (Canis lupus)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • golden jackals (Canis aureus)

Ecosystem Roles

Feral domestic dogs impact ecosystems primarily through predation on native wild animals, often resulting in astringent population declines, especially of isle owned species.

There are many species of parasites and disease organisms that infect dogs. Some of which can also infect humans.

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

If trained properly and treated well, dogs are loyal and protective animals. Domestic dogs have been bred to many purposes throughout the millenia, including as draft animals, guards, hunting, herding, and line-fishing aids, and equally lap animals. More recently dogs are employed as guide dogs for the blind, deaf, and disabled, using their not bad sense of smell to detect bombs or drugs, and equally therapy animals.

• pet trade
• research and education

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Domestic dogs carry and transmit human diseases, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases. Dogs are still 1 of the primary vectors for transmitting rabies to humans in undeveloped parts of the earth. In addition, domestic dogs are responsible for attacks on adults and children, sometimes resulting in expiry.

• injures humans
  • bites or stings
  • carries human disease

Conservation Status

Domestic dogs are non threatened, though some agencies endeavour to protect rare breeds from disappearing.

• IUCN Red List

  Least Business organization

• U.s. Migratory Bird Act

  No special status

• US Federal Listing

  No special condition

• CITES

  No special condition

Contributors

Tanya Dewey (writer), Animal Multifariousness Web.

Sheetal Bhagat (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

Glossary

Australian

Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands.

Ethiopian

living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees n) and Madagascar.

Nearctic

living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern office of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far southward as the highlands of central United mexican states.

Neotropical

living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Cardinal and South America.

Palearctic

living in the northern part of the Former World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.

acoustic

uses sound to communicate

agricultural

living in landscapes dominated by homo agriculture.

altricial

immature are born in a relatively underdeveloped country; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of fourth dimension after nativity/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.

bilateral symmetry

having body symmetry such that the animal can exist divided in one plane into ii mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

carrion

flesh of expressionless animals.

chaparral

Found in coastal areas between 30 and forty degrees latitude, in areas with a Mediterranean climate. Vegetation is dominated past stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. May be maintained by periodic fire. In Due south America information technology includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo.

chemic

uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

cooperative breeder

helpers provide assistance in raising young that are non their ain

cosmopolitan

having a worldwide distribution. Establish on all continents (except maybe Antarctica) and in all biogeographic provinces; or in all the major oceans (Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific.

crepuscular

agile at dawn and dusk

desert or dunes

in deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. Vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following pelting. Deserts can be common cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. In dune areas vegetation is too sparse and weather are dry. This is because sand does not hold h2o well so little is available to plants. In dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. Salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots.

diurnal

1. active during the twenty-four hours, 2. lasting for one mean solar day.

authorization hierarchies

ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where authority status affects admission to resource or mates

endothermic

animals that utilize metabolically generated rut to regulate trunk temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.

female parental care

parental care is carried out by females

wood

forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in corporeality of precipitation and seasonality.

introduced

referring to beast species that accept been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through man activity.

iteroparous

offspring are produced in more one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).

male person parental intendance

parental care is carried out by males

monogamous

Having one mate at a fourth dimension.

motile

having the capacity to move from one place to some other.

native range

the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

nocturnal

active during the night

nomadic

more often than not wanders from place to identify, usually within a well-divers range.

oceanic islands

islands that are not part of continental shelf areas, they are not, and accept never been, continued to a continental state mass, most typically these are volcanic islands.

omnivore

an fauna that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals

oriental

found in the oriental region of the earth. In other words, India and southeast Asia.

pet trade

the business organisation of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.

pheromones

chemicals released into air or water that are detected past and responded to by other animals of the aforementioned species

polar

the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles, from the due north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south.

polygynandrous

the kind of polygamy in which a female person pairs with several males, each of which likewise pairs with several different females.

polymorphic

"many forms." A species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups, based on structure, colour, or other similar characteristics. The term just applies when the distinct groups can be found in the aforementioned expanse; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species (e.yard. a n-to-due south subtract in size) is non polymorphism. Polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences take a genetic basis, or they may be the result of environmental influences. Nosotros do not consider sexual differences (i.due east. sexual dimorphism), seasonal changes (e.g. alter in fur color), or age-related changes to exist polymorphic. Polymorphism in a local population can exist an adaptation to prevent density-dependent predation, where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph.

rainforest

rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a airtight canopy with piffling light reaching the footing. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.

scrub forest

scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.

sexual

reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female person

social

associates with others of its species; forms social groups.

suburban

living in residential areas on the outskirts of big cities or towns.

tactile

uses touch to communicate

taiga

Coniferous or boreal forest, located in a band across northern North America, Europe, and Asia. This terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations. Long, common cold winters and short, wet summers. Few species of copse are present; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. Some deciduous trees also may be present.

temperate

that region of the Globe between 23.5 degrees N and sixty degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.five degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).

terrestrial

Living on the ground.

territorial

defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the aforementioned species and held through overt defense force, display, or advertizement

tropical

the region of the world that surrounds the equator, from 23.v degrees north to 23.five degrees south.

tropical savanna and grassland

A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered private trees that do non form a closed awning. Extensive savannas are plant in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and S America, and in Australia.

savanna

A grassland with scattered copse or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. Meet also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.

temperate grassland

A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° Northward or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diverseness of which depend largely on the amount of moisture bachelor. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.

tundra

A terrestrial biome with depression, shrubby or mat-similar vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, about the limit of constitute growth. Soils commonly subject to permafrost. Plant multifariousness is typically low and the growing season is brusque.

urban

living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity.

visual

uses sight to communicate

viviparous

reproduction in which fertilization and development have place inside the female person trunk and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.

year-circular breeding

breeding takes place throughout the year

References

American Kennel Club. 1992. The Complete Canis familiaris Book. Howeel Book Firm, New York, N.Y.

McGinnis, Terri. 1974. The Well Canis familiaris Book. Random House, New York

The Marshall Cavendish International Wildlife Encyclopedia.1989. V. seven. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Freeport, Long Isle. New York.

Source: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_lupus_familiaris/

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